Neolithic Age (8000 BC-5000 BC)
This period reveals a new step in the history of mankind with the development of the
established and settled societies and production of food. Anatolia once again gives the
most comprehensive sites in the world for this age with Cayonu, Hacilar, Catalhoyuk and
Koskhoyuk excavation sites.
The
Cayonu settlement which is not far from the city of Diyarbakir has been unearthed by the
expedition teams under the leadership of Cambel, Braidwood, Mehmet Ozdogan, Wulf Schirmen
and it is dated back to 7250-6750 BC. In the middle of the settlement is a center and
around it are monumental, rectangular structures and houses. The foundation of the
structures is stone and above is sun-dried brick. The inhabitants of Cayonu are the first
farmers of Anatolia. They raised sheep and goat, and domesticated dog. The woman figurines
among the finds discovered are the earliest traces of the Mother Goddess cult.
The
Hacilar Settlement, brought to the daylight by James Mellart, located on the 25 km
southwest of Burdur, is dated back to 5700-5600 BC. The walls and the floors of Hacilar
houses which are made of mud-brick on stone foundations are lime mortared and red painted.
Wooden poles for supporting flat roofs and ladders to suggest that some structures had two
stories are discovered. In every house, there are goddess figurines made of clay, in
standing and sitting postures. Different from other settlement areas, the dead are buried
outside the cities. The pottery in Hacilar is well fired and comes in red, brown and
yellow colors.
The
Catalhoyuk settlement, on the 52 km southeast of Konya and north of the town of Cumra is,
dated back to 6800-5000 BC and it is the most developed center of the Near East and the
Aegean. The excavations have shown that the city with ten different settlement levels was
built according to a designed plan. This is achieved by arranging the rectangular planned
houses next to one another around the courtyards. There are no stone foundations in
Catalhoyuk and all the houses carry flat roofs. Houses were made up of mud brick and they
all were built according to the same ground plan. They have no doors. Instead the entrance
to them is through windows on the ceilings by using portable ladders. The windows for air
and light are placed on the topmost part of the walls near the roofs. The houses are
composed of wide living rooms, storage rooms and kitchens. In the rooms there are seats
and furnaces. The dead are buried under the seats in the houses after having been dried in
the sun.The walls of the houses are decorated with bull heads and paintings. These
paintings which signify the rituality in the community are placed in a corner in the
houses rather than in a special separate location within the settlement area. Bull heads
are formed in high reliefs, like statues, and some of them are made by the covering of
original bullheads with clay. In the formation of the wall paintings, red, brown, black,
white and pink dies on top of the gray mud brick are used. Among the motifs used are
geometrical designs, flowers, stars, circles and in some parts depictions of life as well
as human hands, deities, human figures, hunting scenes, bulls, birds, vultures, leopards,
wild deer and pigs, lions and bears. A depiction of the eruption of a volcanic mountain (
very likely, the Mount Hasan, near Cappadocia) is the oldest known scenery painting.
In
Catalhoyuk, we can also trace the early stages of farming. This is also accompanied with
the worship of the Mother Goddess along with the holy animal, the bull. The Mother Goddess
stands for fertility and multiplication of man. In the excavations carried in Hacilar and
Catalhoyuk, hundreds of Mother Goddess statutes have been found. She, with her sexual
organs in exaggeration is almost always depicted nude and lies down in the postures of
crouching, and specially in the process of birth-giving . The fact that similarly designed
Mother Goddess statues could also be found in the Near Eastern and Aegean cultures
signifies the existence of matriarchal societies in these regions in the same time
periods. The Goddess Kybele comes into sight around the 7000 BC. ( Most of the finds from
this period are on display in Ankara Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.
As
for Koskhoyuk; during the excavations carried by Ugur Silistre in Koskhoyuk, near Nigde,
ornate pottery pieces and statues have been discovered.
